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| FEO NEWS FOR SUMMER 2024: - JUNE - The detritus of old Horror/Thriller history can be found here. These are archived news items, many of them linked outside of this website. |
BEGINNING OF THE END is 67
Big Horror is in! Quick! Let's make a giant dinosaur movie! But everybody is making giant dinosaur movies! How can we compete on our budget? Then let's make a giant insect movie! You mean like that new movie, THEM? Is it a hit? Oh yeah! Yeah! Let's make a movie just like THEM! But, y'know, cheaper. We'll call it, Beginning of the Them! That's asking for a lawsuit. Fine! Uh... how about BEGINNING OF THE END? And - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
By E.C. McMullen Jr.
THE QUATERMASS EXPERIMENT Turns 67!
DOCTOR WHO? Poo! Before there was Doctor Who there was Nigel Kneale's mega-popular QUATERMASS: a fantastically brilliant boffin battling against the forces of evil aliens in order to save earth. Take a trip back to 1956 and read about the movie franchise's first stumble, thanks to a BBC that sold the movie rights, paid the author nothing, and didn't care what happened next. What happened next was that the American investor demanded that British scientist Quatermass be played by American actor Brian Donlevy - who didn't even attempt a British accent. Also, the investor wanted a plum role for his wife and top billing, and got that too. That's her on the poster. But that's all trivia, read Kelly Park's review of THE QUATERMASS EXPERIMENT aka THE CREEPING UNKNOWN. And - 28 DAYS LATER is 22
Wanting to be experimental, though not avant garde, Director Danny Boyle wanted to try his hand at Horror. He wanted that news video look without making a "lost footage" movie. To that end he shot this movie in Standard Definition, using Arriflex cameras as well as Super 8mm film and even recording to magnetic tape, using a Canon XL-1. If they ever offer this movie in 4K it won't matter. You can't know the difference between the DVD and a Bluray. Danny got the look he wanted, and made the movie he wanted. The rest is the classic Horror cinema history of 28 DAYS LATER. Plus - Snoop Dog's HOOD OF HORROR is 17
With a micro-budget look (though $5 million in actual budget) and an intentional greasy slickness, this movie captured the "So Bad It's Good" ethos that filmmakers from Roger Corman to Lloyd Kaufman have lived and live by. With Snoop as the Crib Keeper, the Hood may already be the depths of Hell and the choice isn't whether or not you're going there, but if you'll be cursed to stay there. The only way out of the pit is up in the anthology movie, Snoop Dog's HOOD OF HORROR. Also - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Writer, Director, Producer J.J. Abrams (JOY RIDE, ALIAS [TV], LOST [TV], FRINGE [TV], CLOVERFIELD [all], STAR TREK [2009], SUPER 8, STAR TREK INTO DARKNESS, ALMOST HUMAN [TV], REVOLUTION [TV], BELIEVE, DEAD PEOPLE, WESTWORLD [TV], OVERLORD, CASTLE ROCK [TV], LOVECRAFT COUNTRY [TV], LISEY'S STORY [TV], UFO [TV]) is 58.
THE HURT LOCKER Turns 16
I saw it in theaters and from the big screen to my ears and eyes, the team that made it, under the leadership of Director Kathryn Bigelow (NEAR DARK), had me feeling as if I'd be hurt by the Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in the movie, THE HURT LOCKER.
A24 Drops HERETIC
And - THE GIANT GILA MONSTER is 65
Now lissen up all you Hep Cats and Swingin' Chicks! If there's ever a reason for a schlocky Science Fiction Double Feature, this is it. This movie was made to be shown as part of a cheap double feature! This kind of SciFi schlock inspired the creation of the major minor movie company, Troma! This is what created a reason for Mystery Science Theater 3000 to exist! And yes, this is the kind of movie Double Feature that inspired Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino to make their own Double Feature, GRINDHOUSE! This is THE GIANT GILA MONSTER, man! As Well - THE KILLER SHREWS is 65 too
Dig it, Daddy-O, this misbegotten half of the creature feature is the Mad Scientist committing Mad Science on a deserted island! This is what the professor could have become on GIlligan's Island - if they had more liquor! As such, this is THE KILLER SHREWS. Also - THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA is 62
One time A-List actor, Cary Grant, may have looked upon an aging Vincent Price and his late surge back to A-List. True, Vinny was acting for low budget mini-major studios like American International Pictures, but the money was great, the audience didn't care, and he was treated like Hollywood royalty: Like Cary used to have and wanted back. Thinking that he could benefit from Horror movies, he found that Vincent Price hadn't played the Phantom and he could own the classic. And in Technicolor! He approached Hammer Studios and they were stoked to have a guaranteed draw like Cary Grant. Of course, there had to be changes. Cary may be playing the villain but his brand is the "Good guy". "I say, old shoe, your contemporary, Jimmy Stewart, had a career that never suffered from him playing Good Guys or Bad Guys." "Yes, but I'm the Good Guy." "You want to play the Phantom as a Good Guy?" "Yes, or I won't do the picture." They really wanted Cary, so Hammer raised the budget Grant demanded, had their ace scribe, Jimmy Sangster, write in an evil henchman who would actually do all the nasty work, and the lavish set building began. Script complete, Cary still didn't like it. His Phantom character, Eric, was sympathetic, but still a villain. Still too much Horror. "Now see here, old twat, you came to us. We're a Horror movie studio and you asked for this classic Horror Revenge story. Horror is what fans and critics who favor the book and author Gaston Leroux want." "I've changed my mind," said Cary, and Poof! he was gone. Hammer had already spent much of the budget on sets. Now what were they going to do with THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA? Plus - THE OMEN is 48
The world of filmmaking stood up and took notice when Director William Friedkin's THE EXORCIST, based on the novel by William Peter Blatty, became such a monster smash hit. Movies of defeating the devil - without actually destroying him - were in high demand but few knew the formula. All manner of nitwit Devil movies from THE HOUSE OF EXORCISM to THE DEVIL'S RAIN and more, were released with high first weekend returns and a box office freefall the following week. A few, like THE CAR, were even decent despite themselves. But there was a specific group of religious people who seemed to have a knack for bringing the box office in Christian musicals and movies - and they weren't Christians. Jewish showbiz folks were creating Christian entertainment better than Christians could. From hits like Jesus Christ Superstar to Godsend? Christ all mighty there seemed no end to it (but there was: Leonard Bernstein's MASS. Great Cthulhu, what an insipid piece of crap! You could find more genuine emotion back then from a Coca Cola TV ad). But all of these stopped dead when it came to Horror. Nobody seemed to understand the secret sauce that Friedkin pulled off (adapting a NYT bestseller written by a deeply devout Catholic author who believed it all with dead seriousness). Then three Jewish men: Producer Harvey Bernard (THE BEAST WITHIN, THE GOONIES, THE LOST BOYS), Writer David Seltzer (THE HELLSTROM CHRONICLE, PROPHECY, THE EIGHTEENTH ANGEL, REVELATIONS [TV] - plenty of Christian themes), and Director Richard Donner (SCROOGED - I know, right? Christian theme again!) were ready to give it a shot and, in 1976 they succeeded beyond reason with THE OMEN. Another Thing- John Carpenter's THE THING is 42
Reviled in its theatrical release, this movie didn't languish in ye olde video rental booteeks. To the contrary, they had a hard time keeping the movie in stock. Folks would rent it - then steal it! A mere decade later and it was being praised for the cinematic achievement it always was and many a harsh critique, finding themselves impugned by their own readership, hurriedly gave it "another chance". A pretty, petty way that professional movie critics bow and scrape when the audience stops listening to them and turns against them. New audiences come of age every year, so let's refresh for the uninitiated, why your grandfather's movie remains one of the best Horror movies ever and a must for any movie fan's library. John Carpenter's THE THING. Wassmor - BLADE RUNNER Is 42, too
In case you never knew, Ridley Scott went straight up against John Carpenter in the same year and weekend. Both movies are considered great, monumental achievements in cinema. Both crashed and burned against Steven Spielberg's One-Two punch of POLTERGIEST and E.T. (both of which aged horribly and fell while Carpenter and Scott's movies soared). In the case of John Carpenter, he never had to change a thing about THE THING. RIdley Scott, on the other hand and over the decades, would eventually go to the editing bay 5 times before he was finally happy with BLADE RUNNER. Finale - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Writer / Producer / Director Timur Bekmambetov (NIGHT WATCH, DAY WATCH, WANTED, 9, APOLLO 18, THE DARKEST HOUR, ABRAHAM LINCOLN: VAMPIRE HUNTER, UNFRIENDED, HARDCORE HENRY, SEARCHING, PROFILE, UNFRIENDED: DARK WEB, RESURRECTED) is 63.
TRANSFORMERS II: REVENGE OF THE FALLEN is 15
It was astounding how fast the TRANSFORMER franchise tanked. Out of all of the great stuff in the first Michael Bay movie, he publicly chose to double down on all of the worst of his first. Even fans of his TRANSFORMER movies point to this as the worst. This is why TRANSFORMERS II: REVENGE OF THE FALLEN gets so much flak. And - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Actor Nancy Allen (FORCED ENTRY, CARRIE [1976], DRESSED TO KILL, BLOW OUT, STRANGE INVADERS [1983], THE PHILADELPHIA EXPERIMENT [1984], ROBOCOP, POLTERGEIST III, ROBOCOP 2, ROBOCOP 3, MEMORIES OF MURDER, ACTING ON IMPULSE, AGAINST THE LAW, THE PASS, CHILDREN OF THE CORN 666: ISAAC'S RETURN, KISS TOLEDO GOODBYE, MY APOCALYPSE) is 74. SUNDAY -
Musician Glenn Danzig (Bands: SAMHAIN, THE MISFITS. Solo: DANZIG) is 68.
Yep. And he also directed MTV's first broadcast music video, The Buggles' "Video Killed The Radio Star". Russell directed most of Elton John's music videos since the 1980s and his name dominates the list of the most iconic music videos of all time, including The Vapors: "Turning Japanese", Kim Karnes: "Bette Davis Eyes", Duran Duran: "Hungry Like The Wolf", Bonnie Tyler's "Total Eclipse of the Heart", and way more.
Mulcahy's Quick-Cut cinema-style of hallucinatory, dreamy, often nightmarish visuals, coupled with a creative use of dutch-tilts and chiaroscuro, were so often copied by lesser directors that, in modern retrospect, his work is both lauded for being the best of what music videos had to offer, as well as being the worst. His style so over-imitated that, like a song played too often on the radio, people got sick of it. Yet it unquestionably defines the era. Russell's stylistic imprint never left the music video industry however, and you can see the color of his influence in some of todays most favored music videos from The Weeknd's "I Can't Feel My Face" to Sia's "Unstoppable" and beyond.
Happy Birthday, dude! Writer and Director Joss Whedon (BUFFY THE VAMPIRE SLAYER, ALIEN: RESURRECTION, BUFFY THE VAMPIRE SLAYER [TV], FIREFLY [TV], ANGEL [TV], SERENITY, DR. HORRIBLE'S SING-ALONG BLOG, DOLLHOUSE [TV], THE CABIN IN THE WOODS, THE AVENGERS, AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. [TV], IN YOUR EYES, THE AVENGERS: AGE OF ULTRON, THE NEVERS [TV]) is 59. SATURDAY -
Writer / Producer / Director Uwe Boll (BLACKWOODS, HOUSE OF THE DEAD, ALONE IN THE DARK [all], BLOODRAYNE [all], BLUBBERELLA, SEED [all], FINAL STORM, APOCALYPSE Z, LEGEND OF THE RED REAPER, THE PROFANE EXHIBIT, PRISONERS OF THE SUN, ZOMBIE MASSACRE 2, HOUSE OF EVIL) is 58. HOUSE OF USHER Turns 64
Writer, Director, and Producer, Roger Corman, was out to show the world that he was more than just the King of Schlock (back at a time in his youth when, for financial reasons, he preferred not to be stuck with that moniker and the budget ceiling that came with it). To that end Roger hired popular TWILIGHT ZONE scribe, Richard Matheson (THE INCREDIBLE SHRINKING MAN, I AM LEGEND, THE LEGEND OF HELL HOUSE), to reset Edgar Allen Poe's short stories into feature film length and format, a score by mega-popular exotica musician, Les Baxter, and hired still popular though aging Vincent Price (who was eager for Edgar) into doing a series of Poe movies (for the Princely Price of 1/3rd the budget of the movie!). Every single movie was a hit, becoming part of the Corman-Poe Cycle, and still maintains the highest bar for Edgar Allen Poe movies after nearly a century. It's 2024 and despite many other movies based on this tale, none have ever reached the level achieved by 1960's HOUSE OF USHER. Still One of the Most Influenced AND Influential Science Fiction Horror Movie After 45 Years!
Take the Deepest dig into our review and the once lost history of ALIEN.
GHOST BREAKERS is 84
Dan O'Bannon and John Carpenter were inspired by old Horror movies like IT: THE TERROR FROM BEYOND SPACE, and Mario Bava's PLANET OF THE VAMPIRES. In fact, both Dan's ALIEN and John's THE THING have a chestburster scene a la, PLANET OF THE VAMPIRES. Stanley Kubrick found inspiration for THE SHINING in the movie ERASERHEAD. And Comic, Writer, and Actor, Dan Aykroyd? His inspiration for GHOSTBUSTERS was this movie, THE GHOST BREAKERS. And - LIFEFORCE is 39
Based on Colin Wilson's novel THE SPACE VAMPIRES, his energy vampires used intimacy and sex to drain their human food of energy. Because they were beautiful to human eyes, they were irresistible. Because they were aliens, they were naked all of the time. There was no point in making the movie unless the aliens were going to be naked. Which meant the "queen" had to be naked and so had to be beautiful from head to toe. Many actors refused to be in the movie for this specific point. In fact, a group of young German women who appeared for casting all agreed to refuse to undress for full nudity as required. Then they discovered that the young woman who led them into their "revolt" did it so that she could get the part. That's just one of the crazy things that happened during the full production of LIFEFORCE. Plus - MINORITY REPORT Is 22
Now that we're actually living in this movie's future, how well has MINORITY REPORT held up? Also - DAHMER is also 22
If you've ever read the Thomas Harris novel, RED DRAGON, or have seen the movie, MANHUNTER, then you are aware that real life investigators who are best at their job will, find themselves unable to stop thinking about their subjects and like their subejscts (like the Thomas Harris fictional character of Special Agent Will Graham, or the real life FBI Agents, John Douglas and Rober K. Ressler, who one on one interviewed convicted serial killers, digging deep into their psyches.) "Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster. And if you gaze long enough into an abyss, the abyss will gaze back into you." When such people reach a horrific point where they find themselves starting to think like their subjects, it tends to make them great at their job. They have a feel for what the killer thinks, how they think, why they would think that and what their next likely move will be. This is a heavy cost. The agents can't stop visualizing the murders as described to them, thinking of the emotional release the killers experienced when doing it, and they often require significantly long down time away from the job or therapy to cope and "bring them back", or an early retirement. This is what actor Jeremy Renner experienced after he chose to embody the real life of serial killer Jeffrey DAHMER. Wassmor - Enki Bilal's IMMORTAL AD VITAM is 19
A flop upon release, this movie has spent the last 19 years slowly building a huge following. The indifferent DVD release in the U.S. sold out so strong that it was re-released as a Steelbook edition with extras. Then Bluray with extras. How does a foreign market flop get this much belated attention? Read my review of Enki Bilal's IMMORTAL, based on his long running Heavy Metal magazine comic, NIKOPOL. Finale - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
By E.C. McMullen Jr.
SOMEONE DIES, Rises
And - JAWS is 49
My Pop was a surfboarder and later, a body surfer: It was just his thing. To my knowledge he never tried out for competition, he did it for personal enjoyment. This is why I was born in Florida and spent part of my childhood growing up near the coast. Of course, I'm talking about Florida so all of it is near the coast. He never lived anywhere that wasn't within walking distance to a natural body of water. Then in 1975 he saw this movie and he discovered (to his astonishment) that he couldn't do it anymore. He couldn't float in the Atlantic ocean, waiting to catch a wave, while the anxiety of growing paranoia pestered, wondering what he couldn't see under the water that could see him. Lakes were no better. He always knew there were Alligators and Crocodiles in fresh water, but it was abstract knowledge until he saw this movie. It preyed on his mind so much that two years later, in 1977, he moved his family to Arizona. That, for better or worse, is the life-changing effect that a story or movie can have on people, and this remains the power of Steven Spielberg's JAWS. Plus - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
By E.C. McMullen Jr.
THEM is 70 Years Old
In the early 1950s concern over what the A-Bomb could do was all the uncertainty by the scientists themselves. "What could it do? What Couldn't It Do? Radiation could create disturbing mutations!" Though true, it was a mistake to leave something like this hanging in the air, surrounded by question marks, because Hollywood could only see tiny creatures turned into giants. The 1950s were filled with Big Horror craziness in the West and Kaiju Koo Koo in the east. All manner of insects and wotnot were turning into giants and one of the most perennial popular, 70 Years Later, was the one that didn't turn the lead woman character into a Damsel in Distress, but a take-charge Scientist capable of getting things done and leading the charge! Who could have made such a movie in 1954? THEM! And - CANNIBAL HOLOCAUST is 44
Or 39 if we're going by the U.S. release, which I do. The thing is, Italian Director Ruggero Deodato made a Lost Footage cannibal Horror movie so realistic that he was tried and convicted in an Italian court and sent to prison. In the days of practical make-up effects, the effects were too damn realistically practical! The court was convinced that people were actually murdered for his movie. Deodato wanted some of the actors in question to come to Italy and testify on his behalf, but there was this one sticky problem... a possible prison sentence as Ruggero's accomplice. Well, more than one problem. See, Ruggero decided to include actual cannibals in his movie for the sake of realism. He followed them around, film running, as they went about their daily lives of doing blood thirsty cruel, atrocious things to each other and especially animals and human outsiders. Oh, you saw SALO? THE HUMAN CENTIPEDE? A SERBIAN FILM? BONE TOMAHAWK? TERRIFIER? Damn good movies all, but no, they come nowhere close to preparing you for CANNIBAL HOLOCAUST. This is why. Plus - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
By E.C. McMullen Jr.
HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Actor Jacob Anderson (THE THINGS I HAVEN'T TOLD YOU, GUNRUSH, CHATROOM, 4.3.2.1., DEMONS NEVER DIE, COMEDOWN, GAME OF THRONES [TV], OVERLORD, DR. WHO [TV - 2021 - 2022], INTERVIEW WITH THE VAMPIRE [TV]) is 34.
HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Actor Marie Avgeropoulos (PERCY JACKSON & THE OLYMPIANS: THE LIGHTNING THIEF, HUNT TO KILL, FUGITIVE AT 17, CULT [TV], THE 100 [TV], NUMB, ISOLATION, DEAD RISING: ENDGAME, JUI JITSU, THE PAINTER) is 38. SUNDAY -
Writer Joyce Carol Oates is known for her novels, which are mostly dramas, and her short stories, which are mostly Horror! Happy 86th! GHOSTBUSTERS II is 35
If you can believe it, back in the Horror movie glory days of the 1980s, studios would have a surprise hit movie so huge they could not wait to destroy it with a sequel. Yes you read that right. Studios went out of their way to intentionally destroy any hope a franchise could have by rushing through a shitty sequel. If the rights belonged to the studio itself, it often involved a cheaper budget, with cheap writers, a cheap director, and rehashing the story and jokes of the first one: Like a stand-up comic explaining every joke after telling the punchline. 20th Fox, renown for its corporate culture of burn the profits of the first movie, was as surprised as anyone that Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back, was actually a better movie. Then they released ALIENS and OMG! The damn movie was at least the equal of the first ALIEN. Columbia Pictures saw the profitable catastrophe 20th Century Fox was going through and wanted no part of it, which is why they waited nearly five years before releasing a guaranteed franchise killer to GHOSTBUSTERS. The horrifying result to the Columbia studio heads was, the damn movie came too close to being good. This is the tale of doing everything wrong and nearly being right: GHOSTBUSTERS II. SATURDAY -
Comic Artist Martin Blanco (THE LEGEND OF JOE MOON, NIGHT JUNKIES, JOHNNIE GRUESOME) is 50. THE LEGEND OF HELL HOUSE Turns 51
Richard Matheson's novel, HELL HOUSE, was loaded with sex and perversions as befitted the ghastly former owner, reputed to haunt the mansion. His novel was practically porn, one of its selling points in fact: Debauchery and Devilments! As Richard also wrote the script, he toned it down, trading all the sex for more scares and horror. That said, planeted throughout the movie are the seeds of the novel in every scene of THE LEGEND OF HELL HOUSE. Released on the Same Day, Same Year, in Direct Competition, and both by 20th Century Fox, was BATTLE FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES is 51
By the fourth movie the franchise was getting more political with every sequel so it wasn't attracting the audience it once had. Watching the movies today and seeing the 1960s - 1970s Woke ethos of using the movies to address racial subtext is cringey. Why? Because 20th Century Fox used the concept of oppressed and enslaved APES for America's racial subtext! E-Freaking-GAD! Still, there remained a core audience that, as Primate is my witness, was going to flock to the theaters to the bitter end! That bitter end would be BATTLE FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES. PROPHECY Turns 45
It often seems as if the more Political filmmakers want their movie to be, the less realistic it becomes. The science is supernatural ( Buried beneath the embarrassing Folksy "Woke" of the 1970s is a great monster movie in PROPHECY. GREMLINS 2 is 34
1990 was a great year! Thanks to U.S.A. President Ronald Reagan super-charging the arms race, Yugoslavian Communists, no longer supported by the Soviet Union, ended their 45-year monopoly of power on Jan. 22. The USSR, which suffered under the typical economic depression that follows Socialism / Communism (Communist Party took over in 1922), fully collapsed, being unable to outspend Capitalism, and surrendered their One-Party power over the government on Feb. 7. The U.S. / Soviet Summit reached a new accord on nuclear armaments, finally dismantling the threat of a nuclear holocaust for the forseeable future, on June 1 What's more, The U.S.A. ended a brutal Police State in Panama on Jan. 3. South Africa freed political prisoner, Nelson Mandela, on Feb. 11 The Hubble Space Telescope was launched on Apr. 25. And on June 15, Joe Dante's GREMLINS 2: THE NEW BATCH, with Christopher Lee, opened in U.S. theaters! TOMB RAIDER is 23
It was the new millennium. The gut punch of September 11 was months away and just as Comic book movies like TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES, THE MASK, THE CROW, BLADE, and THE X-MEN were suddenly a great idea, so Hollywood was wondering, 'Why not Video games? And why not start with the hottest video game right now? After all, it's a lot like RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK, but with a large busted woman all barely dressed for the hot sultry weather of the jungle!'! The question was, of course, "But who?" Then out of the clear blue it was announced that Angelina Jolie of the cult hit, HACKERS, was signed on, and the fanboys went nuts for TOMB RAIDER. BATMAN BEGINS is 19
When it comes to fan fights, even fans of other actors in pointy ears agree that this movie was the best first movie. This is why, BATMAN BEGINS. THE INCREDIBLES 2 is 6 Years Old
Every comic fan knew that THE INCREDIBLES was modeled on Marvel Comics, FANTASTIC 4 with some WATCHMEN thrown in for good measure. Except Pixar did what 20th Century never could: Make such a team of superheroes fascinating, fun, popular, and exciting. The villain was completely villainous: vain, indifferent to human suffering, wholly evil, and an all-around creep. Where to go from there? This is the review and tale of how an alumni of Stephen Spielberg's Amazing Stories, as well as The Simpsons, King of the Hill, The Critic, and the Director of IRON GIANT, Brad Bird, took 14 years to make it work, and proved in one weekend that a sequel like THE INCREDIBLES II rocked!
THE MONSTER THAT CHALLENGED THE WORLD Turns 67
With GOJIRA in 1954 and GODZILLA in 1956, theater audiences were going all Kaiju-goo-goo! Studios from Japan to Hollywood to England were revving up or pumping out Big Horror monsters in stop-motion and rubber suits. United Artists wanted in on the fast money but everybody had a damn dinosaur or gorilla movie. So much so, that smaller studios were churning out overgrown insect (THEM) and spider movies (TARANTULA). One even had an overgrown regular lizard (GIANT GILA MONSTERS)! It was a seller's market for Big Horror and the big studios could outbid the smaller studios or just rip off people like Ray Bradbury and worry about the fall out later. Even in a sellers market, one has to look for a buyer among the studios suddenly being inundated with Big Horror movies. Yet in 1955 a real life something, utterly bizarre and unexpected, happened in the California Mojave Desert. Because of that, screenwriter David Duncan (RODAN) had his story: THE MONSTER THAT CHALLENGED THE WORLD. And - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
By E.C. McMullen Jr.
Shinehouse Group Trailer Drop
And - 71 Years of THE BEAST FROM 20,000 FATHOMS
A year before GOJIRA was released to Japan, this Big Horror monster movie was released in the U.S.A., and it rocked the box office! Ray Harryhausen's stop motion animation was flabbergasting and the story by Ray Bradbury made you believe in THE BEAST FROM 20,000 FATHOMS. Plus - THE ISLAND OF DR. MOREAU is 46
There were so many unnecessary choices that could have wrecked this movie and nearly did. Yet the aging former A-List past his prime star, Burt Lancaster, saved it through sheer force of acting ability he'd never shown before. Unfortunately this was a summer of 1977 releases and even people born in 2007 probably know what that means. The original Star Wars obliterated every summer movie in 1977. But that was a long time ago and this is why THE ISLAND OF DR. MOREAU is worth your time. Also - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
By E.C. McMullen Jr.
PREDATOR is 27
20 and 30 something Horror movie fans are continuously agog at just how good late 1970s and 1980s Horror movies were. When you watch many of these movies, certain now defunct studios keep re-appearing in the opening credits: AVCO (PHANTASM, THE HOWLING, SCANNERS, ESCAPE FROM NEW YORK), ORION (MAD MAX, THE TERMINATOR, FRIGHT NIGHT, ROBOCOP), New Line (THE EVIL DEAD, A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET, CRITTERS). The major studios from Paramount to Warner Bros. could barely keep up and Universal Pictures was so adrift they wouldn't know a hit movie if they had one, and were known in that era for inanely misjudging how to guide, promote, or distribute the movie they had, and repeatedly snatching defeat from the jaws of victory (John Carpenter's THE THING, VIDEODROME, FIRESTARTER, TREMORS). When it came to movie studios and Horror and Science Fiction, the risk-taking minis were constantly kicking the big budget majors right off of the screens. There was just one thing the majors had that the minis didn't: An enormous back-log of long tail money making movies spanning nearly a century, and the cash to buy the minis out. Which brings us to PREDATOR. And - JURASSIC WORLD is 9
Well, it was no JURASSIC PARK or even LOST WORLD: JURASSIC PARK for that matter. And when Steven Spielberg didn't have a Michael Crichton penned novel for a blueprint, he floundered worse with JURASSIC PARK III in 2001 than Jan de Bont did with 1999's THE HAUNTING. In addition to being his otherwise awesome self, Spielberg had access to the best experts money could buy and, for well over a decade, none of them had anything worth the expense of a big budget sequel. At one point though, I'm guessing some folks among the Comcast cronies looked at what Michael Bay was doing with TRANSFORMERS, pulled their lips from their lattes and sighed, "Instead of visionary bullshit like Crichton and Science, how about we make a movie for the public school audience, based off of our Jurassic Park toy commercials from back in the 1990s?" Perhaps from such inspiration, JURASSIC WORLD was born!
THE OBLONG BOX is 55
Vincent Price and Christopher Lee in an Edgar Allen Poe story? Yes please! It was censors, not the make-up techniques of the day, that limited the realism of the more grotesque disfigurements in this 1969 movie of corruption, betrayal, murder, racism, romance, and revenge. The cast and crew were all at the top of their form when they brought audiences, THE OBLONG BOX. And - 34 Years of Brian Yuzna's SOCIETY
The 1980s was, for some, a time of identity confusion and Body Horror, ushered into the Horror fan's realm by the likes of David Cronenberg and John Carpenter, who reigned. But just as David and John's early Horror movies were in a place most audiences weren't prepared for, Indie auteur Brian Yuzna (FROM BEYOND, RE-ANIMATOR) capped off the decade with his masterstroke that many remain unprepared for: SOCIETY. For Horror fans who have heard of Screaming Mad George but have yet to see what is so Screaming Mad about his practical effects make-up work? This is the movie that earned him his name. Believe me when I say that clips and stills on social media aren't enough. Talk to me after you've seen this movie in full! Plus - JURASSIC PARK is 31
31 Years ago audiences were awed by something the actors in this movie couldn't see: the most realistic dinosaurs in cinema to that time: JURASSIC PARK. Also - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Actor Ivana Baquero (ROMANSANTA: THE WEREWOLF HUNT, ROTTWEILER, FRAGILE, A CHRISTMAS TALE, PAN'S LABYRINTH, THE NEW DAUGHTER, ANOTHER ME, GELO, FEEDBACK, HIGH SEAS [TV], BLACK FRIDAY!) is 30.
SUPER 8 is 13 Years Old
Released on June 10, 2011 in the U.S.A., this movie may have germinated like this (I can't be sure, I wasn't there). One day Steven Spielberg met with J.J. Abrams, perhaps at one of Chuck Lorre's private San Diego Comic Con parties, and in essence said, "I like the cut of your jib!" J.J. might have replied along the lines of, "I don't get it." Steve is a man of action so likely got to the point, "I think we should make a movie together!" J.J. probably said something like, "Okay, but we have to have an explosion or crash in the first five minutes." Steve, who may have looked like he was rethinking his invitation, would naturally ask why and J.J. may have said, "I can't direct a movie or show without an explosion or crash in the first five minutes. Did you see my brilliant creation, LOST?" Steve: "Ah. Yes. Of course. The 5 minute Gotcha." J.J. "I'm reluctant to use words like Genius when describing myself, but: Crash in the first 5 minutes! Then an explosion! When that jet engine -" Steve: "I understand. I mentored Michael Bay." J.J.: "Michael Bay is God." Steve: "Yes... Yes, well, at least your name has value. Let's make this god damn thing." J.J.: "Does it have a title?" Steve: "SUPER 8." J.J.: "I don't get it." And - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Actor Frankie Faison (CAT PEOPLE, EXTERMINATOR 2, C.H.U.D., MAXIMUM OVERDRIVE, MANHUNTER, THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS, FREEJACK, THE LANGOLIERS, PREY, HANNIBAL, RED DRAGON, HIGHWAYMEN, MESSENGERS, FOR SALE BY OWNER, CIRQUE DU FREAK, ASSUMPTION OF RISK, THE SOUNDING, THE GRUDGE [2020], THE KILLING OF KENNETH CHAMBERLAIN, THE GRUDGE [2020], REDEMPTION IN CHERRY SPRINGS, HELLO TOMORROW! [TV]) is 74. SUNDAY -
Actor Johnny Depp (A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET, EDWARD SCISSORHANDS, FREDDY'S DEAD: The Final Nightmare, ED WOOD, DEAD MAN, THE ASTRONAUT'S WIFE, THE NINTH GATE, SLEEPY HOLLOW, FROM HELL, PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN [all], SECRET WINDOW, THE CORPSE BRIDE, Tim Buton's SWEENEY TODD: THE DEMON BARBER OF FLEET STREET, Tim Burton's ALICE IN WONDERLAND, THE TOURIST, DARK SHADOWS, TRANSCENDENCE, TUSK, INTO THE WOODS, YOGA HOSERS, ALICE THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS, FANTASTIC BEASTS AND WHERE TO FIND THEM [all], MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS [2017]) is 60. DAMIEN: THE OMEN II is 46
Sequels used to be a bad thing and to this day many still are (THE PLANET OF THE APES, THE OMEN, ALIEN, GHOSTBUSTERS, JURASSIC PARK, you're probably already thinking about the titles I haven't mentioned. The history is exhaustive!). The bean-counting business concept behind a sequel made to bring in less money is the idea that the audience goodwill toward the original will sell it, so everything about it can be cheaper. Cheap advertising because the original will promote it to the fanbase. Low development, quick turn-around sequels with cheaper writers, directors, actors, and a producer who doesn't care are all considered because if the budget is low enough then the first weekend box office will probably put the movie into profit. It's even better if the studio owns full distribution rights and creative control of someone else's property, because the distributor controls the budget while collecting and dividing the gross: deciding who gets what and how much. That is, the major studio distributor can pay less for it and still have first cut of the box office returns: even all of it. Meaning that even if the movie isn't profitable, the major studio will be, as they can point to poor box office returns as the reason the actual filmmakers / actors / shareholders are getting nothing. The long string of once major studios that suckered their customers with cheap, intentionally bad sequels is a look into the archives of history, as they've nearly all died out or been devoured by their competitors: RKO, UA, MGM, Columbia Pictures, New World Pictures, Miramax, 20th Century Fox, Dimension Films, and plenty of the so-called Major Minors who set fire to the goodwill of their fans with garbage. But there's another side of that coin. 20th Century Fox, stinging after the diminishing returns of having poorly shepherded their PLANET OF THE APES franchise, decided to spend about twice the budget for the THE OMEN sequel. They ponied up the money for Oscar and Emmy award winning actors, William Holden and Lee Grant. Composer Jerry Goldsmith, who won an Oscar for his score for THE OMEN, also returned. Unfortunately, Producer Harvey Bernhard was of the opinion that "sequels should be toned down, not up." Since he was also the main screenwriter for the sequel, he got his way. And if the director he hired had a different view on sequels? Stop production dead and waste a fortune of that bigger budget in finding a new director who will bow to Harvey! This is the trouble that fell over production of DAMIEN: OMEN II. SATURDAY -
Actor Lexa Doig (JUNGLEGROUND, WHILE MY PRETTY ONE SLEEPS [TV], TEEN SORCERY, CODE NAME PHOENIX, NO ALIBI, JASON X, THE 4400 [TV], STARGATE SG-1 [TV], BA'AL, FIREBALL, V [TV - 2010], CONTINUUM [TV], AURORA TEAGARDEN MYSTERIES, ARROW [TV], CHUCKY [TV], GOOSEBUMPS [TV]) is 50. GHOSTBUSTERS Turns 41!
All the highschoolers who saw it at the theaters in 1983 are in their mid and late 50s! It looks as if it was all so easy onscreen, but the birth agony of this movie was anything but. There were many changes made to the script, the look of the props, the monster, everything. A part was written specifically for Eddie Murphy, not as some blue-collar schlub looking for a job, but a fellow scientist. Eddie, however, wanted nothing to do with any of his old Saturday Night Live alumni. Only nobody knew that until nearly the last week of the shoot. So Eddie chose his path, Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis chose theirs, we got a great movie without Eddie, and Ernie Hudson was brought in at the last minute and now has two franchises under his belt. Read why GHOSTBUSTERS remains a classic and a textbook example of great genre moviemaking. GREMLINS Turns 41
1983 and Hollywood gossip had it that Steven Spielberg couldn't stop himself from micro-managing his directors. This all stemmed the none-too-quiet rumor getting printed in fan magazines that Steven hired Tobe Hooper to direct POLTERGIEST, but when it came to the day to day operations, Steve kept coming to the set and taking over. The Directors Guild of America had to do something, but what? Many Directors were also Producers. How do you protect one without stepping on the toes of the other? A decision had to be made. So when it came time to Produce this movie, Steven once again hired another director, Joe Dante (THE HOWLING). Once again, Steve came to the live set, interrupting everything just by his presence. However, the d.g.a, made a few subtle changes to the game. The Director calls the shots on a live set and when he gives the orders, those who want to stay will follow them or get escorted off the set. Words to that effect. So when Steven shoulder rolled a passive-aggressive "Anything I can do to help?" offer, Director Joe took advantage of the moment and said, "Why yes there is." And what Joe ordered Steve to do became just one part of the humorous behind-the-scenes legend of GREMLINS. PROMETHEUS Turns 12
Ridley Scott wanted another shot at ALIEN. George Lucas inverted his once original and inspiring Star Wars saga into a pile of rendered lard where only white humans ran a galaxy full of aliens and those humans were all related, practically inbred. Ridley thought that would work for his own sequel/reboot/retconn (he never seemed sure) so he made a human-centric universe full of no mysteries and Ancient Astronauts (Scott is bananas for the long debunked fraud, Erich von Däniken), just like that, the ALIEN concept, which had a great foundation in a far younger Ridley Scott's Direction and a great launch under the guidance of James Cameron, sputtered out and hit the mud under the squandered shepherding of its Producers. Ridley, however, had a chance to turn turn around a long moribund franchise still running on the 20 year old fumes of ALIENS. Did he do that with PROMETHEUS? HEREDITARY Turns 6
Actor Toni Collette (THE SIXTH SENSE, FRIGHT NIGHT, KRAMPUS) had done enough "dark" films. She was done with Horror, she wanted more fun light comedies like Little Miss Sunshine! Fortunately, however, she read Writer Ari Aster's HEREDITARY and, well, you already know how damn irresistable a great Horror story can be.
Eisner Award winning author, Mike Baron's: NEXUS SCOURGE Comic Book Trailer
And - 20th Century Studios Drops ALIEN ROMULUS
Plus - TASTE THE BLOOD OF DRACULA is 54
I hardly need to tell any fan of Horror how popular a Horror actor Christopher Lee was. He was larger than life in movies and, hell! Co-starring with the major Horror icons of his day from Vincent Price to Peter Cushing to recording a Heavy Metal album in his 90s, he was larger than life in real life! There's a lot of Horror movies out there and there's a lot of Vampire and Dracula movies out there. Now let me tell you why, if you haven't, you should watch TASTE THE BLOOD OF DRACULA. Also - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
By E.C. McMullen Jr.
INVADERS FROM MARS is 38
Tobe Hooper wanted to make a family Science Fiction Horror movie from his childhood. But he also wanted it to be fun like he remembered. Like the original from 1953, it had to have plenty of moments when it tipped its hand and let you in on the secret. But for whatever reason in 1986, few got the joke behind Tobe Hooper's INVADERS FROM MARS. And - 20 Years Ago Today, Luc Besson's DISTRICT B13 Hit the US Hard
When this first hit the shores of France, they were in the throes of a series of flabby, self-indulgent, and regrettably disappointing MATRIX sequels. Lux Besson's movie was the lean mean action Thriller the MATRIX once was but would never be again. In 2003 when MATRIX fans walked away bummed out from the MATRIX sequels, REHASHED and REGURGITATED, they had no idea that Luc Besson was gearing up production. It would be nearly another three years before Mark Cuban's tiny boutique distributor, Magnolia, secured the rights for USA DtV release (the best Mark can do, which is better than most on his distribution level). Read why this mini-masterpiece remains one of the most High-Octane Thrillers ever made! DISTRICT B13. Plus - MAN WITH THE SCREAMING BRAIN is 19
Bruce Campbell? Well, we all love Bruce. In fact, from time to time Bruce tests just how much we love him by Writing, Producing, Directing, and Starring in movies like MAN WITH THE SCREAMING BRAIN. Also - THE OMEN Turns 18
When it comes to Remakes, sometimes I think, 'Yeah, it could have been better.' Usually, however, I watch the result and think, 'What's the point?' What was the point of Gus Van Zant's PSYCHO remake? What the hell was the point of Ridley Scott rebooting ALIEN with not one but TWO stillborn prequels? What was the freaking point of remaking THE OMEN?1 1 Now they're remaking THE OMEN again for 2024? No. They already did. It was released on April 5th of this year. It didn't get much attention but its Fresh on Rotten Tomatoes. Finale - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
By E.C. McMullen Jr.
HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Composer Tyler Bates (BLUE FLAME, DEEP DOWN, NOT LIKE US, ALIEN AVENGERS, SHRIEK IF YOU KNOW WHAT I DID LAST FRIDAY THE THIRTEENTH, STRANGE FREQUENCY, CITY OF GHOSTS, DAWN OF THE DEAD [2004], THE DEAD WILL TELL, THE DEVIL'S REJECTS, SLITHER, SEE NO EVIL, 300, GRINDHOUSE, Rob Zombie's HALLOWEEN, DOOMSDAY, DAY OF THE DEAD [2008], THE DAY THE EARTH STOOD STILL, WATCHMEN, Rob Zombie's HALLOWEEN II, THE HAUNTED WORLD OF EL SUPERBEASTO, TRANSFORMERS: WAR FOR CYBERTRON, SUPER, SUCKER PUNCH, SYM-BIONIC TITAN [TV], CONAN THE BARBARIAN, THE DARKEST HOUR, GOD OF WAR: ASCENSION [VG], THE SACRAMENT, KILLZONE: SHADOWFALL [VG], NOT SAFE FOR WORK, FLIGHT 7500, GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY [all], JOHN WICK [all], THE BELKO EXPERIMENT, SALEM [TV], ATOMIC BLONDE, 24 HOURS TO LIVE, DEADPOOL 2, THE PUNISHER [TV], FAR CRY NEW DAWN [VG], PRIMAL [TV]) is 60.
POLTERGEIST Turns 42
42 years ago today, the Cinema Summer of 1982 in North America was called Steven Spielberg's One Two knock-out punch, as his two movies dominated the summer. They knocked out other movies that would come to be regarded as better movies like Ridley Scott's BLADE RUNNER and John Carpenter's THE THING. But how could a PG Horror movie with a cast of nobodies overwhelm everything else? Welcome to the dawn of fan power and the blockbuster summer. Steven was hot, coming off of wildly successful movies like JAWS, CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF THE THIRD KIND, and RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK. Spielberg was coupled with his director Tobe Hooper, still hot among Horror fans for THE TEXAS CHAINSAW MASSACRE, as together they were creating the cinema's decade that would come to be known by unborn generations as the ultimate era for Horror movies. This is how audiences felt when they sat before massive screens, surrounded by giant theater speakers, and were lured into the world of POLTERGEIST. And - HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN is 20
By 2004 there were two great fantasy franchises and Warner Bros. had them both! THE LORD OF THE RINGS through WB's company, New Line, had finished its run in 2003, the previous year, but H.P. had another 5 novels to go and the next one was HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN. Plus - SPLICE Turns 15
When SPECIES came out it was largely sold on the fact that the Oscar winning artist of the still mega-popular ALIEN movie, H.R. Giger, was the designer here as well. Advanced sales of Giger art books on the movie were sold ahead of release. What's more, Oscar winning actors, Ben Kingsley and Forest Whitaker were also in it. It was directed by Roger Donaldson. Finally, it was sold on its R rating and promised the nudity of its star, Natasha Henstridge. Unfortunately SPECIES was Produced by, and written entirely by Dennis Feldman (VIRUS). Giger soon realized that MGM (wallowing in the dregs of their SUPERNOVA era) didn't want a great Science Fiction Horror movie like ALIEN, they wanted Giger's name on a cheap movie so they could sell as if it was the next ALIEN. "Well what does all that have to do with Vincent Natali and Guillermo Del Toro's movie?" Because while it was in production, it was decided that this movie would be sold like it was an heir, not to a great movie like ALIEN, but a dreary ALIEN wannabe that had already sank and died in the diminishing returns of Direct To Video land sequels. Compounding the bad marketing was the fact that original Canadian distributor, Entertainment One, was going to give up and dump it direct to video, which probably didn't help the first weekend box office returns on SPLICE. Also - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Actor Keith David (John Carpenter's THE THING [1982], THEY LIVE, LADY KILLERS [TV], FINAL ANALYSIS, NAILS [TV], THE PUPPET MASTERS, GARGOYLES [voice], THE GRAVE, SPAWN [TV], PRINCESS MONOKE [voice], PITCH BLACK, FINAL FANTASY [voice], 29 PALMS, THE CHRONICLES OF RIDDICK, DIRTY, SPAWN: The Animation, CHAIN LETTER, NOW HERE, SAMUEL BLEAK, THE INHERITANCE, SMILEY, CLOUD ATLAS, UNION FURNACE, SONS OF LIBERTY, IF I TELL YOU I HAVE TO KILL YOU, RANGE 15, RICK AND MORTY [TV], TALES FROM THE HOOD 2, YOU MIGHT BE THE KILLER, LIVERSPOTS AND ASTRONOTS [TV], KIDS VS MONSTERS, THE SEVENTH DAY, FINAL SPACE [TV], BLACK AS NIGHT, THE GATEWAY, NOPE, FROM THE SHADOWS, TIM TRAVERS AND THE TIME TRAVELERS PARADOX) is 68.
SPE Trailer Drop for VENOM: THE LAST DANCE
And - PSYCHO II Turns 41
It took 22 years to make the sequel that no one thought could work. You can't follow an Alfred Hitchcock movie. Preposterous! It's foolish to even try. But there were hundreds of big name PSYCHO fans living in Hollywood who worked in the industry. They were among the tops in their field and they would love to give it a shot. Except for Universal Pictures who held the rights. In 1983 sequels had to be made quick and cheap. Unless your name was George Lucas or Steven Spielberg, nobody should risk spending more on the sequel than was spent on the original. And even those two came with doubts that they could equal the master, Hitchcock himself. Then Hitchcock himself recommended a Director. With that blessing, actor Anthony Perkins, who uniquely made Norman Bates all his own, said he'd do it. The rest, as is said, is the history of PSYCHO II. Plus - HAPPY HORROR THRILLER BIRTHDAYS TO -
Actor Bonnie Aarons (CAGED HEAT 3000, MULHOLLAND DR. [TV], MULHOLLAND DR., SPECTOR'S ROCK, WRISTCUTTERS: A LOVE STORY, I KNOW WHO KILLED ME, INALIENABLE, HELL RIDE, DRAG ME TO HELL, DAHMER VS GACY, THE CONJURING 2, THE NUN [all], JAKOB'S WIFE, FRANK, I LIVE ALONE, THE BELL KEEPER, CAMP PLEASENT LAKE) is 46. SUNDAY -
Actor Morena Baccarin (FIREFLY [TV], SERENITY, SANDS OF OBLIVION, STOLEN LIVES, V [2009 - TV], HOMELAND [TV], SON OF BATMAN, BATMAN: BAD BLOOD, DEADPOOL [TV], GOTHAM [TV], DEADPOOL [all], TO YOUR LAST DEATH, GREENLAND, HOME INVASION [TV], LAST LOOKS) is 45. SATURDAY -
NOSFERATU is 95
Released in Germany in 1922, it would be another six years before the vampire made its way to New York City. The "Roaring 20s" in NYC had already experienced the German made METROPOLIS and the city, and so the U.S., was hungry for more. However, Director F.W. Murnau didn't make a Science Fiction Horror movie like Fritz Lang. Murnau made a Supernatural one. For an early 20th Century America still sick with Superstition, NOSFERATU became the new century's THE EXORCIST, and for the first time in bloodsucker lore, a vampire could die by sunlight. 43 Years of Lucio Fulci's HOUSE BY THE CEMETERY
A favorite among Fulci fans, read why this still cherished movie is So Bad It's Good after nearly half a century! THE HOUSE BY THE CEMETERY. MR BROOKS is 17 Today
The sinister character of Mr. Brooks has no redeeming qualities. He is everything we should hate. So how did co-writer and Director Bruce A. Evans (STARMAN, STAND BY ME) get us to like him? Read my review of MR BROOKS.
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INTERVIEWS Matt Jarbo's interview with Feo Amante at The Zurvivalist. James Cheetham's Q&A with Feo Amante at Unconventional Interviews *. Megan Scudellari interviews Feo Amante and Kelly Parks (of THE SCIENCE MOMENT) in The Scientist Magazine. Check out our interview at The-Scientist.com. REFERENCES Researcher David Waldron, references my review of UNDERWORLD in the Spring 2005, Journal of Religion and Popular Culture entry, Role-Playing Games and the Christian Right: Community Formation in Response to a Moral Panic (downloadable pdf). E.C. McMullen Jr.
*Linked to archive.org |
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